At this point, Cardozo’s followers might elect a more drastic maneuver. The idea here would be that, although in transferred intent cases the plaintiff is unforeseeable to the defendant, the defendant nevertheless breaches a legal duty owed to him: a legal duty not to injure him (unforeseeable though he may be) by acting on an intention to injure someone else.141 Once the requirement of victim foreseeability is jettisoned as to duties in battery, however, it becomes obscure why it should be retained as to duties in negligence. If (as the Palsgraf perspective’s defenders say) “the idea of owing [a] duty to someone who is unforeseeable” is incoherent — because a duty must be able to “guide [the defendant’s] conduct”142 (and a person deliberating about her conduct cannot take account of an unforeseeable victim) or else because the duty’s violation must express an “[a]ffront to [the plaintiff’s] personality”143 (and an unforeseeable victim’s personality cannot be affronted) — then such a duty is no less incoherent in battery than in negligence. If, by contrast, it is coherent and plausible to recognize a duty to unforeseeable victims in battery, there should be no obstacle to recognizing a duty to unforeseeable victims in negligence as well. But to recognize such a duty in negligence would, of course, vitiate the reasoning in Palsgraf entirely.
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，更多细节参见谷歌
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这种依赖的脆弱性，在2023年暴露。那一年，乐欣户外的第一大客户——一家自2015年开始合作的美国企业大幅砍单——2022年，它还贡献了1.46亿元收入，占总收入的17.9%；到了2024年，贡献收入骤降至0.48亿元，营收占比滑落至8.4%，跌出前三大客户之列；在2025年前8个月，它已彻底从乐欣户外的前五大客户名单中消失。